The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921

Frederick Soddy

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1921 was awarded to Frederick Soddy "for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes".

Frederick Soddy received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1922. During the selection process in 1921, the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Frederick Soddy therefore received his Nobel Prize for 1921 one year later, in 1922.

Frederick Soddy was “the father of nuclear fission,” winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1921, discoverer of the existence of isotopes (in general, not of a specific isotope), discoverer of the cause of radioactivity, a professor of chemistry at Oxford University, and a Fellow of England’s most prestigious scientific organization, the Royal Society. Without Soddy’s discoveries we would never have developed nuclear power. All of these accomplishments pale in comparison to Soddy’s economic and monetary discoveries. After winning the Nobel Prize Soddy went on to invent a scientific monetary system and the new science of National Economy—the science of wealth. With these inventions Soddy forever solved the problem of poverty and paved the way to national prosperity. Soddy’s inventions and discoveries make it possible for everyone to work less and have more, to forever get out and stay out of debt, and to live better and longer lives. Today, Frederick Soddy is little remembered. When he is remembered, it is for his contributions to chemistry. His greatest achievements are almost completely unknown.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920

Walther Hermann Nernst

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1920 was awarded to Walther Nernst "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry".

Walther Nernst received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1921. During the selection process in 1920, the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Walther Nernst therefore received his Nobel Prize for 1920 one year later, in 1921.

Walther Nernst is a name familiar to all students of Chemistry and Physics, due to his findings in the field of Thermodynamics, which are still regarded as groundbreaking even today.

Walther Hermann Nernst was born on June 25, 1864, in Briesen, West Prussia. In 1883, he received his school-leaving certificate from the secondary school at Graudenz (today's Grudziadz, Poland). In the same year, he took up his studies at Zurich, then changing to Berlin in 1884, where he attended the lectures of Ludwig Boltzmann. Nernst also began a collaboration with Albert von Ettinghausen in Graz, Austria, with whom he presented the Nernst-Ettinghausen Effect in 1887.

In that year, he moved to Würzburg, to complete his doctoral degree with Friedrich Kohlrausch. He also met Svente Arrhenius and Emil Fischer, two other future Nobel Laureates like him.

Together with Arrhenius and Ostwald, Nernst established and defined the field of Physical Chemistry. Galvanic elements, as batteries were called a hundred years ago, worked without anyone knowing their theory, which Nernst formulated shortly after the turn of the century. Then he turned towards the investigation of ceramic substances – today, they are used in exhaust emission probes. Time and again, he was preoccupied with determining specific heat in interdependence with temperature and free energy, meaning the energy that a battery is capable of emitting. From hypothesis to theory to proof in numerous practical experiments, Nernst showed that it is impossible – no matter by what method one cools – to reach absolute zero.

After a research stay with Ludwig Boltzmann and Albert von Ettinghausen in Graz, Nernst came to Würzburg, where he lived in Pleichertorgasse 10. Here he met future Nobel Laureates Fischer and Arrhenius at the Physical Institute chaired by Professor Kohlrausch. During this time, Nernst was working diligently on his dissertation on the Nernst-Ettinghausen Effect, which he successfully completed in 1887.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1919

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918

Fritz Haber

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 was awarded to Fritz Haber "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements".

Fritz Haber received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1919. During the selection process in 1918, the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Fritz Haber therefore received his Nobel Prize for 1918 one year later, in 1919.

In 1905 Fritz Haber (1868–1934) reached an objective long sought by chemists—that of fixing nitrogen from air. Using high pressure and a catalyst, he directly reacted nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to create ammonia. The process was soon scaled up by BASF's great chemist and engineer Carl Bosch—hence the name "Haber-Bosch" process. The nitric acid produced from the ammonia was then used to manufacture agricultural fertilizers as well as explosives.
Haber was from a well-to-do German-Jewish family involved in various manufacturing enterprises. He studied at several German universities, earning a doctorate in organic chemistry in 1891. After a few years of moving from job to job, he settled into the Department of Chemical and Fuel Technology at the Polytechnic in Karlsruhe, Germany, where he mastered the new subject of physical chemistry. His research in physical chemistry eventually led to the Haber-Bosch process. In 1911 he was invited to become director of the Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry at the new Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft in Berlin, where academic scientists, government, and industry cooperated to promote original research.
The Haber-Bosch process is generally credited with keeping Germany supplied with fertilizers and munitions during World War I, after the British naval blockade cut off supplies of nitrates from Chile. During the war Haber threw his energies and those of his institute into further support for the German side. He developed a new weapon—poison gas, the first example of which was chlorine gas—and supervised its initial deployment on the Western Front at Ypres, Belgium, in 1915. His promotion of this frightening weapon precipitated the suicide of his wife, who was herself a chemist, and many others condemned him for his wartime role. There was great consternation when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry for 1918 for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.
After World War I, Haber was remarkably successful in building up his institute, but in 1933 the anti-Jewish decrees of the Nazi regime made his position untenable. He retired a broken man, although at the time of his death he was on his way to investigate a possible senior research position at Rehovot in Palestine (now Israel).

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1917

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1916

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915

Richard Martin Willstätter

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1915 was awarded to Richard Willstätter "for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll".

  

Richard Martin Willstätter (13 August 1872–3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography independently of Mikhail Tsvet.He was in the Department of Chemistry, first as a student of Adolf von Baeyer -- he received his doctorate in 1894 - then as a faculty member.
In 1896 he was named Lecturer and in 1902 Professor extraordinarius. 
In 1905 he left Munich to become professor at the ETH Zürich and there he worked on the plant pigment chlorophyll. He determined its structure.
In 1912 he became professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, studying the structure of pigments of flowers and fruits.
In 1916 he returned to Munich as the successor to his mentor Baeyer. During the 1920s Willstätter investigated the mechanisms of enzyme reactions and did much to establish that enzymes are chemical substances, not biological organisms.
In 1938 Willstätter emigrated to Switzerland. He spent the last three years of his life there in Muralto near Locarno writing his autobiography. He died of a heart attack in 1942.
Willstätter's autobiography, Aus meinem Leben, was not published in German until 1949. It was translated into English as From My Life in 1965.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914

 

Theodore William Richards

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1914 was awarded to Theodore W. Richards "in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements".

Theodore W. Richards received his Nobel Prize one year later, in 1915. During the selection process in 1914, the Nobel Committee for Chemistry decided that none of the year's nominations met the criteria as outlined in the will of Alfred Nobel. According to the Nobel Foundation's statutes, the Nobel Prize can in such a case be reserved until the following year, and this statute was then applied. Theodore W. Richards therefore received his Nobel Prize for 1914 one year later, in 1915.

Theodore William Richards (1868–1928), the first American to be awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry, received it in 1914 for his accurate determinations of the atomic weights of a large number of chemical elements—25 in all, including those used to determine virtually all other atomic weights. His work, which he began publishing in 1887, corrected earlier studies done in the 1860s by Jean Servais Stas. Among other contributions, Richards provided the experimental verification of the isotope concept, showing that lead from different sources has different atomic weights.
Born in Germantown, Pennsylvania, Richards was educated at home by his mother, a Quaker author and poet, and his father, a noted painter of seascapes, until he went to Haverford College at the age of 14. He proceeded to Harvard, where he earned a doctorate in chemistry by the time he was 20. He remained there as an important researcher and teacher, except for two sojourns in Europe—first on a prize fellowship and, much later, to learn about the latest developments in electrochemistry and thermodynamics to pass on to his students.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913

Alfred Werner

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913 was awarded to Alfred Werner "in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry".

Swiss chemist Alfred Werner is regarded as a founding father of modern inorganic stereochemistry. In 1893 he proposed a new theory of variable valence, describing the molecular structure of inorganic compounds as consisting of a central atom surrounded by a three-dimensional arrangement of a specific number of other atoms, molecules, ions, or radicals, all governed by simple geometrical principles. He said that he had woken in the middle of the night with a sudden realization of the answer to the riddle of molecular structure, began writing at once, and continued writing until dawn, providing the first correct analysis of the structures for coordination compounds containing complex ions.
He introduced the more fully-realized Coordination theory of chemistry in 1901, and published an influential book on the subject in 1904. Though widely rejected by scientists for several years, his theory led to better explanations of the properties of observed compounds, and it gained acceptance as Warner and his students were able to identify dozens of previously unknown compounds and synthesize dozens more. In 1905 he offered a reorganization of the periodic table, moving the lanthanide elements ("rare earths" with atomic numbers 58-71) to a separate place in the table, where they remain today. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1913.
Werner was born in the the French region of Alsace, which came under German control through the Franco-Prussian war while he was still a child. His family considered themselves French, and he spoke and was educated in both the French and German languages. He became a naturalized Swiss citizen in his 20s, and spent his career in Zürich, where he died at the age of 53 in 1919.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912.

  

 

 

 

 

                 Victor Grignard                                                                                    Paul Sabatier

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1912 was divided equally between Victor Grignard "for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry" and Paul Sabatier "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years".

French chemist Victor Grignard won the Nobel Prize in 1912 for his doctoral thesis at the University of Lyon, a study of organic magnesium compounds. The paper defined what is now called the Grignard Reagent, a class of extremely reactive and unstable chemical compounds used to synthesize alcohols, carboxylic acids, hydrocarbons, and other compounds, and led to a broad swathe of subsequent developments in organic synthesis. He engineered dichloroethyl sulfide (mustard gas) for use as chemical weaponry during World War I, and later studied ketone splitting of tertiary alcohols, ozonization of unsaturated compounds, and condensation of aldehydes and ketones.

Sabatier, Paul (1854-1941) was a French organic chemist. He won the 1912 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his method of using nickel as a hydrogenation catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that increases the speed of a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Hydrogenation is a chemical process that adds hydrogen to a substance.Sabatier showed that ethylene gas could be converted to ethane gas by passing the ethylene over powdered nickel. Sabatier shared the prize with another French chemist, François Auguste Victor Grignard, who independently did related research.

Sabatier was born on Nov. 5, 1854, in Carcassonne, France. He graduated from the École Normale Supérieure in 1877. The next year he taught physics at a secondary school in Nîmes. In 1878, he became a professor at the Collège de France in Paris. He received his doctorate in the physical sciences from the college in 1880.

For the next year, Sabatier was a professor of physics at the Faculté des Sciences at Bordeaux. In 1882, he became an assistant professor of physics at the Faculté des Sciences at Toulouse. In 1883, he began to teach chemistry there as well. Sabatier became professor of chemistry in 1884 and chaired the chemistry department for the rest of his career. From 1905 to 1929, he was also dean of the university's Faculty of Science.

Sabatier's research from the 1890's onward emphasized organic chemistry (the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms), which included his work on hydrogenation catalysts. In 1913, he published the book La catalyse en chimie organique (Catalysis in Organic Chemistry). Sabatier's health began to fail in 1939, and he died in Toulouse on Aug. 14, 1941.

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911

 

Marie Curie

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911 was awarded to Marie Curie "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element".

Marie Curie was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the only person to win the Nobel Prize twice. Working together, Marie and her husband Pierre, discovered the chemical elements radium and polonium.
Born on November 7 1867 in Warsaw, Marie Curie received her early scientific training from her father who was a physics teacher. She then went on to study at Cracow and 1891 she went to the Sorbonne in Paris obtaining her degree two years later.To meet the expenses for fees, books and living Marie Curie had to work caring for the laboratories. While at the university she met Pierre Curie who was professor of physics and they eventually married in 1895.

Marie Curie was interested in recent discoveries in the field of radiation and began studying uranium radiations. Using techniques devised by her husband she measured the radiations in pitchblende. Pitchblende is an ore containing uranium. Marie Curie identified there were radiations from the ore more radioactive than the ore itself.She was the first scientist to use the term radioactive, to describe elements that give off radiations as their nuclei break down.
Pierre Curie joined his wife in her research and in 1898 they announced their discovery of polonium and radium.
In 1903 they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of radioactive elements. They shared this with another French scientist called Becquerel. Marie Curie became the first woman to win the Nobel Prize.
On 19 April 1906, Pierre Curie was killed by a horse drawn cart in Paris.
Marie Curie took over her husband's classes at the University of Paris and continued with his research.
She was again awarded the Nobel Prize in 1911, this time in chemistry, for her work in radium and radium compounds. This was an important achievement, as no one had ever been awarded a second Nobel Prize, made even more remarkable as women were not commonly involved in such work. Indeed, Marie Curie did not receive any recognition when in 1904 Pierre Curie was appointed professor of physics at the University of Paris nor in 1905 when he was made a member of the French Academy.
In 1914 Marie Curie was further recognised by being appointed head of the Paris Institute of Radium. She then went on to help found the Curie Institute.
Marie Curie died on 4 July 1934 of an illness directly caused by her excessive exposure to radiation over the years.
Even today, you will find the names Marie Curie and the Marie Curie Institute are still associated with cancer research and cancer care.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910

Otto Wallach

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1910 was awarded to Otto Wallach "in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds".

Otto Wallach,  (born March 27, 1847, Königsberg, Prussia [now Kaliningrad, Russia]—died Feb. 26, 1931, Göttingen, Ger.), German chemist awarded the 1910 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for analyzing fragrant essential oils and identifying the compounds known as terpenes.

Wallach studied under Friedrich Wöhler at the University of Göttingen, receiving his doctorate in 1869. He joined August Kekule at the University of Bonn (1870), where he taught pharmacy and became professor in 1876. From 1889 to 1915 he was director of the Chemical Institute at Göttingen.

While at Bonn, Wallach became interested in the molecular structure of a group of essential oils that were widely used in pharmaceutical preparations. Many of these oils were thought at the time to be chemically distinct from one another, since they occurred in a variety of plants. Kekule virtually denied that they could be analyzed. Nevertheless, Wallach, a master of experimentation, was able by repeated distillation to separate the components of these complex mixtures. Then, by studying their physical properties, he could distinguish among the compounds many that were quite similar to one another. He was able to isolate from the essential oils a group of fragrant substances that he named terpenes, and he showed that most of these compounds belonged to the class now called isoprenoids. Wallach’s work laid the scientific basis for the modern perfume industry.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909.

 

Wilhelm Ostwald

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1909 was awarded to Wilhelm Ostwald "in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction".

Walther Hermann Nernst, born in Briesen, Prussia (now Wabrzezno, Poland), was a pioneer in the field of chemical thermodynamics in a wide range of areas. His most outstanding contributions were his laws for electrochemical cells and his heat theorem, also known as the third law of thermodynamics, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1920.

Nernst first studied physics before he became an assistant in 1887 to German physical chemist Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald at the University of Leipzig, then the only institute for physical chemistry in Germany. In 1891 German chemist and physicist Walther Hermann Nernst (front holding vial), recipient of the 1920 Nobel Prize in chemistry, "in recognition of his work in thermochemistry."

he was appointed associate professor at the university in Göttingen and, three years later, convinced officials there to create an institute for physical chemistry modeled on the Leipzig center. He served as its director until his move in 1905 to Berlin, where he once again established an institute renowned worldwide.

During his Leipzig period, Nernst performed a series of electrochemical studies from which, at the age of twenty-five, he arrived at his well-known equations. These equations described the concentration dependence of the potential difference of galvanic cells, such as batteries, and were of both great theoretical and practical importance. Nernst started with the investigation of the diffusion of electrolytes in one solution. Then he turned to the diffusion at the boundary between two solutions with different electrolyte concentrations; he determined that the osmotic pressure difference would result in an electric potential difference or electromotive force (emf). Next he divided both solutions into two concentration half-cells, connected to each other by a liquid junction, and measured the emf via electrodes dipped into both solutions. The data supported his first equation where the emf was proportional to the logarithm of the concentration ratio. Finally, he investigated galvanic cells where a redox reaction (e.g., Zn + 2Hg ⁺ → Zn ²⁺ + 2Hg) was divided such that oxidation (Zn → Zn ² + 2 e ⁻ ) and reduction (2Hg ⁺ + 2 e ⁻ → 2Hg) occurred at the electrodes in two half-cells. By combining this with Helmholtz's law, which related thermodynamics to the emf of electrochemical cells, and van't Hoff's equation, which related chemical equilibria to thermodynamics, Nernst derived his second equation for galvanic cells. Supported by many measurements, the equation described the emf of galvanic cells as a function of the concentration of all substances involved in the reaction.

Nernst's formulation of the third law of thermodynamics was originally an ingenious solution to a crucial practical problem in chemical thermodynamics, namely, the calculation of chemical equilibria and the course of chemical reactions from thermal data alone, such as reaction heats and heat capacities. Based on the first two laws of thermodynamics and van't Hoff's equation, chemical equilibria depended on the free reaction enthalpy ΔG , which was a function of both the reaction enthalpy ΔH and the reaction entropy ΔS according to the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation:

The problem was that, although enthalpy values could be calculated from thermal measurements, entropy values required data at the absolute zero of temperature, which was practically inaccessible. Guided by theoretical reasoning and then supported by a huge measurement program at very low temperatures, Nernst in 1906 suggested his heat theorem. According to a later formulation, it stated that all entropy changes approach zero at the absolute zero.

The theorem not only allowed the calculation of chemical equilibria, it was also soon recognized as an independent third law of general thermodynamics with many important consequences. One such consequence was that it is impossible to reach the absolute zero. Another consequence was that one could define a reference point for entropy functions, such that the entropies of all elements and all perfect crystalline compounds were taken as zero at the absolute zero.

Nernst made numerous other important contributions to physical chemistry. For example, his distribution law described the concentration distribution of a solute in two immiscible liquids and allowed the calculation of extraction processes. He also formulated several significant theories, such as those on the electrostriction of ions, the diffusion layer at electrodes, and the solubility product. In addition, he established new methods to measure dielectric constants and to synthesize ammonia, on which the German chemist Fritz Haber later successfully followed up. 

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908

Ernest Rutherford

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1908 was awarded to Ernest Rutherford "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances".

Ernest Rutherford, physicist, who became a Nobel laureate for his pioneering work in nuclear physics and for his theory of the structure of the atom.
Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, and was educated at the University of New Zealand and the University of Cambridge. He was professor of physics at McGill University in Montréal, Quebec, from 1898 to 1907 and at the University of Manchester in England during the following 12 years. After 1919 he was professor of experimental physics and director of the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge and also held a professorship, after 1920, at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in London.
Rutherford was one of the first and most important researchers in nuclear physics. Soon after the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by the French physicist Antoine Henri Becquerel, Rutherford identified the three main components of radiation and named them alpha, beta, and gamma rays. He also showed that alpha particles are helium nuclei. His study of radiation led to his formulation of a theory of atomic structure, which was the first to describe the atom as a dense nucleus about which electrons circulate in orbits (see Atom and Atomic Theory).
In 1919 Rutherford conducted an important experiment in nuclear physics when he bombarded nitrogen gas with alpha particles and obtained atoms of an oxygen isotope and protons. This transmutation of nitrogen into oxygen was the first artificially induced nuclear reaction. It inspired the intensive research of later scientists on other nuclear transformations and on the nature and properties of radiation. Rutherford and the British physicist Frederick Soddy developed the explanation of radioactivity that scientists accept today. The rutherford, a unit of radioactivity was named in his honor.
Rutherford was elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1903 and served as president of that institution from 1925 to 1930. He was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in chemistry, was knighted in 1914, and was made a baron in 1931. He died in London on October 19, 1937, and was buried in Westminster Abbey. His writings include Radioactivity (1904); Radiations from Radioactive Substances (1930), which he wrote with British physicists Sir James Chadwick and Charles Drummond Ellis, and which has become a standard text; and The Newer Alchemy (1937).


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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907

Eduard Buchner

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1907 was awarded to Eduard Buchner "for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation".

German chemist Eduard Buchner worked at a preserving and canning facility to earn his college tuition, and then spent several years as Adolf von Baeyer's assistant, and studied the rupture of yeast cells. He conducted baseline research into the chemistry of diazoalkanes, and in 1889 he became the first chemist to successfully synthesize pyrazole, a heterocyclic organic compound containing three carbon and two nitrogen atoms, using a process still called the Buchner reaction.
His brother, Hans Buchner (1850-1902), was a physician who conducted important early research into gamma globulins, blood proteins that can destroy bacteria. Assisting in his brother's research by preserving protein extract from yeast cells, Eduard Buchner made his most well-known discovery in 1897. He added sugar to the protein extract, believing that this might aid in preservation, as it did in a sugar crystallization technique he had first seen making marmalade at the canning factory years earlier. Instead the protein extract and sugar mixture started bubbling as the sugar was transformed into alcohol by a process now called glycolysis.
This finding, confirmed and expanded through subsequent experiments, helped challenge and eventually refute Louis Pasteur's theory that like growth, reproduction, and respiration, fermentation could only occur in living cells. Instead it supported Justus Liebig's opposing belief that certain biochemical reactions could occur outside living cells. With his brother Buchner discovered zymase, a complex of enzymes that cause glycolysis, in 1903. His accidental discovery of cell-free fermentation earned Buchner the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907, and helped establish the new science of biochemistry.
With the advent of World War I, Buchner was drafted into the German Army and assigned to a military hospital near Focşani on the Romanian front, about 20 kilometers north of Bucharest. He was mortally wounded by a grenade attack on 3 August 1917, and succumbed to his injuries at the same hospital nine days later.

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906

Henri Moissan

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1906 was awarded to Henri Moissan "in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him".

Henri Moissan was born on September 8, 1852, in Paris, France. He worked in the laboratory at the Museum of Natural History and the School of Pharmacy in Paris. Afterward, Moissan became a professor of toxicology in 1886 and inorganic chemistry in 1889 at the School of Pharmacy. It was during this time that Moissan began researching fluorine compounds. In 1886, he isolated the reactive gas fluorine and studied its behaviors with other elements. In 1900, he published his studies in, Le Fluor et ses composés (“Fluorine and Its Compounds).

Moissan continued his studies with inorganic chemistry and, in 1892, he constructed the electric-arc furnace. This furnace was utilized to study and isolate many compounds formerly believed to be indissoluble. He published the studies in 1897 in the book, Le Four électrique (“The Electric Furnace”). Moissan is also believed to have synthesized diamonds by putting extreme pressure on the element carbon.

Moissan received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1906, becoming the second Jew in history to win. Moissan was honored for his work in isolating the element fluorine and the development of the Mossman electric furnace. Shortly after receiving the award, Henri Moissan died unexpectedly in Paris on February 20, 1907. Moissan died at the age of 54.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905.

Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1905 was awarded to Adolf von Baeyer "in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds".

 German chemist Adolf von Baeyer won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1905. In 1864, von Baeyer synthesised barbituric acid. The word "barbiturate" is a combination of "Barbara" with "urea": von Baeyer discovered the compound on Saint Barbara’s Day, and urea was used in the synthesis of the new molecule.

Barbiturates can be used as sedatives, hypnotics, anticonvulsants - and general an aesthetics. The parent compound, barbituric acid, is not itself pharmacologically active. The first such derivative to be identified was barbital (Veronal, Barbitone), discovered in 1902 by Josef von Mering and Emil Fischer. Von Mering allegedly christened barbital Veronal because the Italian city of Verona was the most peaceful city he knew. The second to be developed was phenobarbital (Luminal), marketed as Luminal from 1912.

The first two barbiturates were both long-acting. They didn't always induce sleep as rapidly as desired; and their sedative action lasted well into the next day. So pharmaceutical chemists went on to design a whole host of new variants. Barbiturates are conventionally divided into four categories: ultrashort-, short-, intermediate- and long-acting.

Ultrashort-acting barbiturates are used as anesthetics, where their intravenous administration can induce sleep within a minute or so. Ultrashort-acting barbiturates include methohexital (Brevital), thiopentone (Pentothal) and thiamylal (Surital).

Short-acting and intermediate-acting barbiturates are more popular at home and on the street. Taken orally, they induce sedation within a quarter of an hour to forty minutes. Several hours of sleep follow. Drugs in this category include pentobarbital (Nembutal), butalbital (Fiorinal, Fioricet), amobarbital (Amytal), butabarbital (Butisol), talbutal (Lotusate), aprobarbital (Alurate), and secobarbital (Seconal).

Unlike inhaled anaesthetics, intravenous agents can't be removed from the body by ventilation. So great care must be taken in their administration. Excessive dosage can result in severe medullary depression that is not readily reversible. 

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904

Sir William Ramsay

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1904 was awarded to Sir William Ramsay "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system".

After graduating from Tübingen, Ramsay returned to Glasgow to work at Anderson College (1872–74) and then at the University of Glasgow (1874–80). During this period, Ramsay’s research focused on alkaloids (complex chemical compounds derived from plants). He studied their physiological action and established their structural relationship to pyridine, a nitrogen-containing compound closely resembling benzene. In 1879 he turned to physical chemistry to study the molecular volumes of elements at their boiling points. Following his appointment to the chair of chemistry at University College, Bristol (1880–87; he became principal of the college in 1881), he continued this research with the British chemist Sydney Young; they published more than 30 papers on the physical characteristics of liquids and vapours. This work helped Ramsay to develop the technical and manipulative skills that later formed the hallmark of his work on the noble gases. In 1887 Ramsay became professor of general chemistry at University College London, where he remained until his retirement in 1913. For several years he continued to work on projects related to the properties of liquids and vapours, and in 1893 he and chemist John Shields verified Hungarian physicist ’s law for the constancy of the rate of change of molecular surface energy with temperature. During the following year, Ramsay began the research that was eventually to make him the most famous chemist in Britain—the discovery of the noble gases.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903

Svante August Arrhenius

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1903 was awarded to Svante Arrhenius "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation".

Swedish physical chemist, winner of the 1903 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, famous for his research on electrolytes. He also did work on reaction rates and biochemistry, and was the first to present a detailed scientific hypothesis of panspermia. In this, he argued that life arrived on Earth in the form of microscopic spores that had been propelled across interstellar space by the radiation pressure of star light. His seminal 1903 paper¹ on the subject was in response to "the failure of repeated attempts made by eminent biologists to discover a single case of spontaneous generation of life".² In its fully-developed form, Arrhenius's hypothesis reached a wide audience through his book Worlds in the Making³ (1908, first published as Varldarnas utveckling in Sweden in 1906).

Arrhenius was optimistic that, subject to the low temperatures in space, spores would be able to remain viable for very long periods. As for the effect of solar radiation, although Arrhenius was aware of the potentially lethal effect of ultraviolet light on living cells, he insisted that "All the botanists that I have been able to consult are of the opinion that we can by no means assert with certainty that spores would be killed by the light rays in wandering through infinite space." His support for panspermia tied in with his fundamental belief that "all organisms in the universe are related and the process of evolution is everywhere the same." He thought life on other worlds might be common, though he opposed Lowell's claims about martian canals. In The Destinies of Stars⁴ (1918), he presented a Carboniferous swamp version of Venus which remained popular for many years .

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Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902

Hermann Emil Fischer

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1902 was awarded to Emil Fischer "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses".

 Fischer was a German chemist who was awarded the 1902 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research into sugar and purine synthesis. Purine is the name for a family of organic compounds that are composed of a two ring structure of nitrogen and carbon atoms. Fisher coined the term purine and synthesized several purines such as adenine, xanthine and caffeine. Fischer synthesized the sugars glucose, fructose and mannose for the first time. He also discovered the cyclic amino acids proline and oxyproline and identified the peptide bond that holds together amino acid chains.

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901.

Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1901 was awarded to Jacobus H. van 't Hoff "in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions".

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Chemistry - Noble Prize winners

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded 102 times to 160 Nobel Laureates between 1901 and 2010. Frederick Sanger is the only Nobel Laureate who has been awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice, in 1958 and 1980. This means that a total of 159 individuals have received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

2010 - Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi, Akira Suzuki

2009 - Venkatraman Ramakrishnan, Thomas A. Steitz, Ada E. Yonath

2008 - Osamu Shimomura, Martin Chalfie, Roger Y. Tsien

2007 - Gerhard Ertl

2006 - Roger D. Kornberg

2005 - Yves Chauvin, Robert H. Grubbs, Richard R. Schrock

2004 - Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Hershko, Irwin Rose

2003 - Peter Agre, Roderick MacKinnon

2002 - John B. Fenn, Koichi Tanaka, Kurt Wüthrich

2001 - William S. Knowles, Ryoji Noyori, K. Barry Sharpless

2000 - Alan J. Heeger, Alan G. MacDiarmid, Hideki Shirakawa

1999 - Ahmed H. Zewail

1998 - Walter Kohn, John A. Pople

1997 - Paul D. Boyer, John E. Walker, Jens C. Skou

1996 - Robert F. Curl Jr., Sir Harold W. Kroto, Richard E. Smalley

1995 - Paul J. Crutzen, Mario J. Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland

1994 - George A. Olah

1993 - Kary B. Mullis, Michael Smith

1992 - Rudolph A. Marcus

1991 - Richard R. Ernst

1990 - Elias James Corey

1989 - Sidney Altman, Thomas R. Cech

1988 - Johann Deisenhofer, Robert Huber, Hartmut Michel

1987 - Donald J. Cram, Jean-Marie Lehn, Charles J. Pedersen

1986 - Dudley R. Herschbach, Yuan T. Lee, John C. Polanyi

1985 - Herbert A. Hauptman, Jerome Karle

1984 - Robert Bruce Merrifield

1983 - Henry Taube

1982 - Aaron Klug

1981 - Kenichi Fukui, Roald Hoffmann

1980 - Paul Berg, Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger

1979 - Herbert C. Brown, Georg Wittig

1978 - Peter D. Mitchell

1977 - Ilya Prigogine

1976 - William N. Lipscomb

1975 - John Warcup Cornforth, Vladimir Prelog

1974 - Paul J. Flory

1973 - Ernst Otto Fischer, Geoffrey Wilkinson

1972 - Christian B. Anfinsen, Stanford Moore, William H. Stein

1971 - Gerhard Herzberg

1970 - Luis F. Leloir

1969 - Derek H. R. Barton, Odd Hassel

1968 - Lars Onsager

1967 - Manfred Eigen, Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, George Porter

1966 - Robert S. Mulliken

1965 - Robert Burns Woodward

1964 - Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

1963 - Karl Ziegler, Giulio Natta

1962 - Max Ferdinand Perutz, John Cowdery Kendrew

1961 - Melvin Calvin

1960 - Willard Frank Libby

1959 - Jaroslav Heyrovsky

1958 - Frederick Sanger

1957 - Lord (Alexander R.) Todd

1956 - Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov

1955 - Vincent du Vigneaud

1954 - Linus Carl Pauling

1953 - Hermann Staudinger

1952 - Archer John Porter Martin, Richard Laurence Millington Synge

1951 - Edwin Mattison McMillan, Glenn Theodore Seaborg

1950 - Otto Paul Hermann Diels, Kurt Alder

1949 - William Francis Giauque

1948 - Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius

1947 - Sir Robert Robinson

1946 - James Batcheller Sumner, John Howard Northrop, Wendell Meredith Stanley

1945 - Artturi Ilmari Virtanen

1944 - Otto Hahn

1943 - George de Hevesy

1942 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1941 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1940 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1939 - Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt, Leopold Ruzicka

1938 - Richard Kuhn

1937 - Walter Norman Haworth, Paul Karrer

1936 - Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye

1935 - Frédéric Joliot, Irène Joliot-Curie

1934 - Harold Clayton Urey

1933 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1932 - Irving Langmuir

1931 - Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius

1930 - Hans Fischer

1929 - Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin

1928 - Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus

1927 - Heinrich Otto Wieland

1926 - The (Theodor) Svedberg

1925 - Richard Adolf Zsigmondy

1924 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1923 - Fritz Pregl

1922 - Francis William Aston

1921 - Frederick Soddy

1920 - Walther Hermann Nernst

1919 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1918 - Fritz Haber

1917 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1916 - No Nobel Prize was awarded this year.

1915 - Richard Martin Willstätter

1914 - Theodore William Richards

1913 - Alfred Werner

1912 - Victor Grignard, Paul Sabatier

1911 - Marie Curie, née Sklodowska

1910 - Otto Wallach

1909 - Wilhelm Ostwald

1908 - Ernest Rutherford

1907 - Eduard Buchner

1906 - Henri Moissan

1905 - Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer

1904 - Sir William Ramsay

1903 - Svante August Arrhenius

1902 - Hermann Emil Fischer

1901 - Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

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